Michelle Yin, Hoa Vu and Claudia Persico’s NBER working paper examines the stability of occupational exposure scores produced by large language models. The April 2026 abstract reports a 3.6-fold difference in mean exposure when three models apply the same rubric to identical tasks, with agreement as low as 57%. The abstract also reports that changing the annotator changes downstream empirical estimates. The study therefore concerns measurement reliability as well